Quality control

Which release tests apply to which tracer, and what equipment each test needs. This is mostly a derived list, not a list of monograph requirements: of 303 entries, 15 are confirmed by a pharmacopoeial monograph (Ph. Eur.: 15; USP: 5). The other 288 are derived from the general Ph. Eur. monograph 0125 Radiopharmaceutical preparations and from what the published synthesis states, and 273 of all entries still carry a preliminary mark. Monograph numbers are references only - the texts are copyrighted and are not reproduced. How the derived entries work

Why the USP column is almost empty. USP publishes monographs mainly for drugs approved by the FDA; they are typically developed after approval, at the request of the holder of the application (SNMMI Committee on Pharmacopeia, J Nucl Med 2013). In 2014 USP omitted eight monographs for PET drugs that were not FDA-approved (official 1 December 2014) and stated that it “typically does not maintain monographs for non-FDA approved products”. For a research tracer without FDA approval a USP monograph is therefore not to be expected; for an approved one it may or may not exist, and the USP–NF index is subscription-only, so we could not check. Source: USP, Standards for Radioactive Articles.

Ph. Eur.: a monograph is confirmed for 15 entries and checked as non-existent for 5; 283 are not verified - no check has been recorded for them yet.

USP: a monograph is confirmed for 5 entries; 298 are not verified - the USP–NF index is subscription-only, so this means we could not check, not that no monograph exists.

Taken from a pharmacopoeial monograph, cited by number Derived from what the published synthesis states Preliminary - inferred from compound class and isotope, not yet from data
TracerPh. Eur.USPAppearancepHRCP HPLCRCP TLCHPLC cond.Residual solvents (GC)KryptofixRadionuclidic (HPGe)Half-lifeActivityEndotoxins (LAL)SterilityFilter integrityHPLC UVHPLC ECDMolar activityMetal impuritiesGe-68 breakthroughOsmolalityLu-177m
[18F]FDG1325Fludeoxyglucose F 18 Injection×××××××××××××
[18F]FDOPA1918 (electrophilic route); 2481 (nucleophilic route)Fluorodopa F 18 Injection××××××××××××
[18F]FET2466not verified××××××××××××
[18F]FMISO2459not verified××××××××××××
[18F]FLT2460not verified××××××××××××
[18F]PSMA-10073116not verified×××××××××××××
[18F]DCFPyLno monographnot verified×××××××××××××
[18F]NaF2100Sodium Fluoride F 18 Injection××××××××××
[18F]FCH2793not verified×××××××××××
[11C]methionine1617not verified×××××××××××
[11C]choline2462Choline C 11 Injection×××××××××××
[11C]PiBno monographnot verified××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-PSMA-113044not verified××××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE3050not verified××××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC2482not verified××××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46no monographnot verified××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617no monographnot verified×××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-DOTATATEno monographnot verified×××××××××××××××
[13N]Ammonia1492Ammonia N 13 Injection×××××××××
[68Ga]GaCl32464 (generator-produced); 3109 (accelerator-produced)not verified××××××
[64Cu]Cu-DOTATATEnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]MK-6240not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]GE-180not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]GE-179not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FSPGnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FRPGnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FPIAnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]ICMT-11not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FETrpnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FTYRnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]TFBnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]VM4-037not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]THK5351not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]Fluciclatidenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FBEMnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FET-bAG-TOCAnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]AlF-OncoFAP-NODAGAnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]AlF-OncoFAP-NOTAnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-OncoFAP-DOTAGAnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-OncoFAP-NODAGAnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-OncoFAP-NOTAnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-OncoFAP-DOTAGAnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-RM2not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[111In]In-RM2not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[111In]In-PSMA-617not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[61Cu]CuCl2not verifiednot verified×××××××××
[18F]BPAM121not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]DK222not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]AH113804not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]GE-226not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]SqFLTnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]TTCO-IL2not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FSO3-PSMAnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]RSO2CF2Hnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]6-bromopurinenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]ABP688not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]acetatenot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[11C]acetoacetatenot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[11C]AMTnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]AZ13198083not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]carfentanilnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]CP31398not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]CPPCnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]DASBnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]ER176not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]erlotinibnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]evobrutinibnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]FMZnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]GR103545not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]ibrutinibnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]KIn83not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]L-deprenyl-D2not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]L-glutaminenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]LY2795050not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]Me-NB1not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
10-[11C]methoxy-20(S)-camptothecinnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]MTP38not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]pbb3not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]PBR28not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]PD153035not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C](+)-PHNOnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]phosgenenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]PK68not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]PS13not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]raclopridenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]RSR-056not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]SSI-4not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]TGN-020not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]UCB-Jnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[11C]YM155not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[64Cu]Cu-FAPI-2286not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[64Cu]Cu-sartatenot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]6-O-desmethyl-diprenorphinenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]ADPM06not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]AF78not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]AG-120not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]AlFnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]AlF-NOTA-ubiquicidin 29-41not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]AlF-3p-C-NETA-TATEnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]AlF-FAPI-74not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]AlF-NOTA-FAPI-04not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]AlF-NOTA-octreotidenot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]AlF-NOTA-RD2not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]AlF-OncoFAPnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]AlF-P16-093not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]AmBF3-TATEnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]ApaScannot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]AQ28Anot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]AV-45not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]BIBD-239not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]bromofluoromethane-d2not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]BTK-1not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]CbRnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]cGBP4Fnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]d2-tosylatenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]DAA1106not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]Dolutegravirnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]DPA-714not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]DPA-C5ynenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]ef5not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]EKZ-001not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]F-A-85380not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FACBCnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]fallypridenot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]FAPI-42not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]FAPI-74not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]FAZAnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]fluoroazomycin-2'-deoxyribofuranosidenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FB-2BD42not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FB-4AH29not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FB-A20FMDV2not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FBAMnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FBEM-Cys-H4not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FB(ePEG12)12-exendin-4not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]FB-HER2not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FB-IL2not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FBNAnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FBnTPnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FBPAnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FB-S100snot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FCPPCnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FDDNPnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FDHTnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]FDRnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FEAUnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FEDAA1106not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FE-DPNnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FE-PE2Inot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FEPPAnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FESnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FG-CP31398not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FGlnnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FHBGnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]fiaunot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]Florbetabennot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]fludarabinenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-galactosenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]fluoro-3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridinenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]fluoroacetatenot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]fluorocellobiosenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]fluoroethylazidenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]fluoroethylcholinenot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]fluorogabapentinnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]fluoromannitolnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
2-[18F]fluoro-myo-inositolnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]fluorophenylalaninenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
6-[18F]fluoro-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-indolenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]fluorosulfatenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FluorThanatracenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]fluspidinenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]flutemetamolnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FMAUnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FMeNER-D2not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FMN3PAnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FMN3PUnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FMPEP-d2not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FMZnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FP-CITnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FP-cRGDySO3not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]FPEBnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FP-ERGDySO3not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]FPG-IL4not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]F-PRGD2not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]F-PSMA-617-NODAnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]F-PSMA-617-RESCAnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]FP-TZTPnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FSW-100not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FTC-146not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]FTHAnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
16-[18F]fluoro-4-thia-palmitic acidnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]GTP1not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]HX4not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]JK-PSMA-7not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]JMV5763not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]JNJ-46356479not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]JNJ64413739not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]K10-008not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]LBT999not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]L-Glutamicnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]L-tryptophannot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]mBPET-1not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]MC225not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]MEL050not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]mG4P027not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]MIPS15692not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
(R)-2-(N-benzyl-4-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxy)phenylsulphonamido)-N-hydroxy-3-methylbutanamidenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]NAV4694not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]NOTA-ABY-030not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]NS10743not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]OP-801not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]P10A-1910not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]PARPinot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]PBR06not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]PBR102not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]PBR111not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]PEG4-1-thiolnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]pi2620not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]PM-PBB3not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F](E)-PSS232not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]rhPSMA-7not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]ro948not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]SiTATEnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[18F]SMBT-1not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]SO2F2not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]SynVesT-1not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]T807not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]tGBP4Fnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]THK-5117not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]UCB-Hnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[18F]VATnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-3p-C-NETAnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-ABY-025not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-BOT5035not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-BPAMDnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-citratenot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-D0103not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin-4not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Tuna-2not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-DOTA-AMBS-CPCR4not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Arg3-Nal4-Gly5not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-DOTA-CCK-66not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-DOTA-CP04not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-DOTA-D-Phe-Tyr3-octreotidenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-DOTA-ECL1inot verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-DOTA-exendin-4not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-DOTANOCnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-DOTA-r-a-ABA-CPCR4not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Z09591not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-EMP100not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-FAP-2286not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-FAPInot verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-FAPI-02not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04not verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-FAPI-64not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-FAPI-74not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-NOTA-BBN2not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-OncoFAPnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-oxinenot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-P16-093not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-Pentixafornot verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-PSMA-I&Tnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-PSMA-617not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[68Ga]Ga-TRAP-(RGD)3not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[123I]beta-CITnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[123I]FP-CITnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[123I]iodoamphetaminenot verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[123I]MIBGnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[123I]R91150not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[125I]FC-131not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[125I]CPCR4.3not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-CP04not verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-CTT2001not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-DOTA-MGS5not verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-DOTA-PP-F11Nnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-DOTA-r-a-ABA-iodoCPCR4not verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-DOTA-rhCCK-18not verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TOCnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-FAPInot verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-FAPI-04not verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-FAPI-46not verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-P17-087not verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-P17-088not verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-pentixathernot verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-PSMA-I&Tnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-PSMA-10not verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-(R)-DOTAGA-rhCCK-1not verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[177Lu]Lu-rhPSMA-10not verifiednot verified××××××××××××××
[212Pb]Pb-PSC-PEG2-TOCnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[161Tb]Tb-3p-C-NETAnot verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[99mTc]Tc-N4-Bombesinnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[99mTc]Tc-N4-PSMA-12not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[99mTc]Tc-PSMA-I&Snot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[99mTc]Tc-TcO2not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[99mTc]Tc-TcO4not verifiednot verified×××××××××××
[90Y]Y-FAPInot verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[90Y]Y-FAPI-46not verifiednot verified×××××××××××××
[89Zr]Zr-Df-IgG-800CWnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[89Zr]Zr-DFO-girentuximabnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[89Zr]Zr-Df-pertuzumab-800CWnot verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[89Zr]Zr-TROP2not verifiednot verified××××××××××××
[89Zr]ZrCl4not verifiednot verified×××××××××××

Rows with an amber edge carry at least one preliminary mark: the test set was inferred from the compound class and isotope, not from a monograph or from what a paper states about the synthesis. Treat those as a starting point for scoping, never as a release specification.

What each test needs

TestWhat it establishesEquipment
Appearance / clarity and colourVisual conformity of the solutionVisual inspection against a lit background
pHpH within the specified range
Strips accepted in many monographs for small volumes
pH meter
Radiochemical purity by HPLCFraction of activity present as the intended chemical form
Only HPLC resolves radiolysis products; radio-TLC alone may miss them
HPLC with radiometric detector
Radiochemical purity by radio-TLCSame as above, faster, no recovery issuesRadio-TLC scanner
UV detection on HPLCIdentity and chemical impurities of UV-active speciesHPLC with UV or PDA detector
Electrochemical detection on HPLCChemical impurities of species with poor UV response
Needed for catecholamine-type compounds
HPLC with electrochemical detector
Conductometric detection on HPLCIonic species not detected by UVHPLC with conductivity detector
Chemical purity / limit of impuritiesNon-radioactive impurities within limitsHPLC
Residual solventsAcetonitrile, ethanol, ether and similar within limits
Almost universal for F-18 tracers made with acetonitrile
Gas chromatograph with FID or headspace
Kryptofix 2.2.2 / phase transfer catalystResidual cryptand within limits
Applies where K222 is used in the synthesis
TLC spot test (iodoplatinate)
Radionuclidic purityCorrect radionuclide, gamma impurities within limits
Ph. Eur. commonly requires >99.9%; F-18 samples are held ~24 h to allow decay before measurement
Gamma spectrometer (HPGe)
Half-life determinationIdentity of the radionuclide by decayDose calibrator with timer
Radioactivity concentrationActivity at reference time
Requires validated geometry
Dose calibrator (activity meter)
Bacterial endotoxinsEndotoxin level below limit
Released before result in most cases; retrospective for short-lived tracers
LAL tester (kinetic or gel clot)
SterilityAbsence of viable micro-organisms
Always retrospective
Sterility testing (media fill / membrane filtration)
Filter integrity (bubble point)Integrity of the sterilising filter
Substitutes for pre-release sterility
Filter integrity tester
OsmolalityIsotonicity of the final formulation
More often required for therapeutic and large-volume preparations
Osmometer
Molar activityActivity per mole of compound
Critical for receptor-targeted tracers with saturable targets
HPLC with UV and radiometric detection
Metal impuritiesFe, Zn, Cu and similar within limits
Relevant for radiometal preparations
ICP-MS
Ge-68 breakthroughParent radionuclide from the generator within limits
Generator-produced Ga-68 only
Gamma spectrometer after Ga-68 decay
Lu-177m contentLong-lived isomer within limits
Lu-177 preparations; matters for waste handling
Gamma spectrometer

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