Tracer library / [123I]MIBG

[123I]MIBG
Also written as I-123 MIBG; I-123-MIBG; MIBG
- Radionuclide
- I-123 t½ 792 min
- Modality
- SPECT
- Production route
- —
- Stage
- —
- Syntheses indexed
- 1
What it is
- Compound class
- radioiodinated benzylguanidine (norepinephrine analogue)
- Target / mechanism
- Norepinephrine transporter-mediated uptake into sympathetic nerve terminals (noradrenergic/adrenergic system imaging) PMID 40262827
- Clinical application
- Diagnostic imaging of cardiac sympathetic innervation and neuroendocrine tumours (pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma, neuroblastoma) using [123I]MIBG SPECT/scintigraphy PMID 34023989
- Theranostic pair
- [131I]MIBG
Published syntheses
| Module | Cassette | Purification | Yield % | RCP % | Precursor / supplier | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manual synthesis | — | — | — | — | — | 9649115 1998 Br J Cancer Using a no-carrier-added synthesis route, we produced 123I-, 125I-, 131I- and 211At-labelled benzylguanidines |
Clinical literature
Clinical studies in the indexed corpus, ordered by design (multicentre, prospective, retrospective, others, case reports last) and then by year. Titles and links only, as published; this is not a summary of the evidence.
- REM sleep without atonia thresholds are associated with reduced cardiac MIBG uptake but not with DAT-SPECT binding in probable REM sleep behavior.2026 · Sleep Med · Multicentre
- Diagnosis and treatment of paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas: a survey from the Italian Association for Neuroendocrine Tumors.2025 · Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) · Multicentre
- Role of Functional Neuroimaging with 123I-MIBG and 123I-FP-CIT in De Novo Parkinson's Disease: A Multicenter Study.2023 · Life (Basel) · Retrospective, multicentre
- SGLT2-inhibitors reduce the cardiac autonomic neuropathy dysfunction and vaso-vagal syncope recurrence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the SCAN study.2022 · Metabolism · Prospective, multicentre
- An open-label, single-arm, multi-center, phase II clinical trial of single-dose [131I]meta-iodobenzylguanidine therapy for patients with refractory pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma.2022 · Ann Nucl Med · Multicentre · Phase II
- Meta-iodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy in Perry disease.2021 · Parkinsonism Relat Disord · Multicentre
- Impact of 123I-MIBG Scintigraphy on Clinical Decision-Making in Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma.2019 · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · Retrospective, multicentre
- hNET-targeted [18F]MFBG PET as baseline functional imaging in newly diagnosed neuroblastoma.2026 · Theranostics · Prospective
- Improvements of cardiac function and metabolic parameters by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors with no significant effects on sympathetic or parasympathetic activity in chronic heart failure.2026 · Heart Vessels · Prospective
- Effect of tofogliflozin on cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with heart failure (TARGET-HF): rationale and design of the single-arm intervention trial.2025 · Cardiovasc Diabetol Endocrinol Rep · Prospective
Show all 126 clinical studies
- Feasibility of a single-day protocol for SPECT and PET assessment of dopamine transporter availability, cardiac innervation and metabolic patterns in patients with movement disorders.2025 · Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging · Prospective
- Performing [18F]MFBG Long-Axial-Field-of-View PET/CT Without Sedation or General Anesthesia for Imaging of Children with Neuroblastoma.2024 · J Nucl Med · Prospective
- [18F]MFBG PET/CT outperforming [123I]MIBG SPECT/CT in the evaluation of neuroblastoma.2023 · Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging · Prospective
- [18F] MFBG PET imaging: biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and comparison with [123I] MIBG in neural crest tumour patients.2023 · Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging · Prospective
- Quality and utility of [123I]I-metaiodobenzylguanidine cardiac SPECT imaging in nondiabetic postinfarction heart failure patients qualified for implantable cardioverter defibrillator.2021 · Ann Nucl Med · Prospective
- Usefulness of 5 Minutes 123I-mIBG Scan in Parkinson's Disease and Heart Failure.2020 · Curr Radiopharm · Prospective
- Early effects of transcatheter aortic valve replacement on cardiac sympathetic nervous function assessed by 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis.2020 · Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging · Prospective
- Clinical, Diagnostic, and Treatment Characteristics of SDHA-Related Metastatic Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma.2019 · Front Oncol · Prospective, retrospective
- An FDG-first functional imaging approach in phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma.2026 · Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) · Retrospective
- Clinical Characteristics and Diagnostic Pitfalls of Pheochromocytoma: A Pathology-Confirmed Retrospective Study From a Single Japanese Center.2026 · Cureus · Retrospective
- Potential usefulness of [123I]I-MIBG SPECT/CT with AC Quant protocols in diagnostics and treatment monitoring of children with neuroblastoma.2026 · Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur · Retrospective
- Stratifying risk of heart failure death and arrhythmic events: a ¹²³I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine-based multinomial logistic model.2026 · Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging · Retrospective
- Metastatic Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma: Diagnostic Performance of Functional Imaging (18F-Fluoro-L-DOPA-, 68Ga-DOTA- and 18F-Fluoro-Deoxyglucose-Based PET/CT) and of 123I-MIBG Scintigraphy in 57 Patients and 527 Controls During Long-Term Follow-Up.2025 · Cancers (Basel) · Retrospective
- Semi-quantitative MIBG scores in relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma: Prognostic insights from post-131I-MIBG treatment scans and impact of SPECT-CT imaging.2025 · Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol (Engl Ed) · Retrospective
- The prognostic significance of semi-quantitative metabolic parameters and tumoral metabolic activity based on 123I-MIBG SPECT/CT in pretreatment neuroblastoma patients.2025 · Cancer Imaging · Retrospective
- Characterization of metabolic and imaging profiles in the diagnosis of succinate dehydrogenase- related hereditary pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.2025 · Urol Oncol · Retrospective
- Indicative biomarkers of Lewy body disease as predictors of treatment resistance in late-onset depression.2025 · Int Psychogeriatr · Retrospective
- Associations of cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites with striatal dopamine transporter binding and 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine cardiac scintigraphy in Parkinson's disease: Multivariate analyses.2024 · Parkinsonism Relat Disord · Retrospective
- Diagnostic Sensitivity and Symptomatic Relevance of Dopamine Transporter Imaging and Myocardial Sympathetic Scintigraphy in Patients with Dementia with Lewy Bodies.2024 · J Alzheimers Dis · Retrospective
- Sex differences in 123I-mIBG scintigraphy imaging techniques in patients with heart failure.2023 · Expert Rev Med Devices · Retrospective
- Evaluation of iodine-123-labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography based on the International Society of Pediatric Oncology Europe Neuroblastoma score in children with neuroblastoma.2023 · Quant Imaging Med Surg · Retrospective
- 68Ga-DOTATATE PET in Restaging and Response to Therapy in Neuroblastoma: A Case Series and a Mini Review.2023 · J Nucl Med Technol · Retrospective
- Asphericity of tumor [123 I]mIBG uptake as a prognostic factor in high-risk neuroblastoma.2022 · Pediatr Blood Cancer · Retrospective
- Intrasubject relationship between striatal 18F-FP-CIT uptake and cardiac 123I-MIBG uptake differs by motor subtype in early Parkinson disease.2021 · Medicine (Baltimore) · Retrospective
- Image-Guided Biopsy for Relapsed Neuroblastoma: Focus on Safety, Adequacy for Genetic Sequencing, and Correlation of Tumor Cell Percent With Quantitative Lesion MIBG Uptake.2021 · JCO Precis Oncol · Retrospective
- Association between neurosarcoidosis with autonomic dysfunction and anti-ganglionic acetylcholine receptor antibodies.2021 · J Neurol · Retrospective
- A diagnostic strategy for Lewy body disease using DAT-SPECT, MIBG and Combined index.2020 · Ann Nucl Med · Retrospective
- MIBG myocardial scintigraphy in progressive supranuclear palsy.2019 · J Neurol Sci · Retrospective
- Different uptake of 123I-MIBG in the two main liver lobes: A persistant unsolved mistery.2018 · Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol (Engl Ed) · Retrospective
- Validation of 2-year 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine-based cardiac mortality risk model in chronic heart failure.2018 · Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging · Retrospective
- SPECT/CT MIBG Imaging Is Crucial in the Follow-up of the Patients With High-Risk Neuroblastoma.2018 · Clin Nucl Med · Retrospective
- A case of neurofibromatosis type 1 with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor and metastatic pheochromocytoma.2026 · JCEM Case Rep · Clinical study
- False Positive Uptake of 123I-MIBG in Celiac Ganglion in a Patient With Neuroblastoma.2026 · Clin Nucl Med · Clinical study
- Decreased Myocardial 123I-MIBG Uptake Without Sympathetic Denervation: An Autopsy Report of Autoimmune Autonomic Ganglionopathy.2026 · Brain Behav · Clinical study
- An auxiliary 18F-FDG uptake pattern clarifying equivocal adrenal gland mass after dual-tracer imaging with 123I-mIBG SPECT/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT.2026 · Hell J Nucl Med · Clinical study
- 123I-MIBG Scintigraphy-negative Pheochromocytoma without Hypertension Found During Follow-up for Non-functioning Adrenal Incidentaloma.2026 · Intern Med · Clinical study
- Pitfalls in diagnosing neuroblastoma: a case of unusual "adrenal tumor" accumulating [123I]I -MIBG.2025 · Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur · Clinical study
- Phase II pilot randomized trial of zonisamide for disease modification in prodromal Lewy body disease.2025 · NPJ Parkinsons Dis · Clinical study · Phase II
- Three cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumors with metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) accumulation.2025 · Fukushima J Med Sci · Clinical study
- Late-life parkinsonism in bipolar disorder.2025 · Psychogeriatrics · Clinical study
- False-Positive Uptake of 123 I-MIBG in the Basal Ganglion in a Pediatric Neuroblastoma Patient.2025 · Clin Nucl Med · Clinical study
- Association between sebum secretion and cardiac sympathetic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.2024 · Parkinsonism Relat Disord · Clinical study
- Case Series: ATRX Variants in Four Patients with Metastatic Pheochromocytoma.2024 · Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) · Clinical study
- Usefulness of the Primary Tumor Standardized Uptake Value of Iodine-123 Metaiodobenzylguanidine for Predicting Metastatic Potential in Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma.2024 · Mol Imaging Biol · Clinical study
- Potential dopaminergic deficit in patients with geriatric psychiatric disorders as revealed by DAT-SPECT: a cross-sectional study.2024 · BMJ Ment Health · Clinical study
- [A case of left posterior cortical atrophy presenting with kana-predominant reading impairment].2024 · Rinsho Shinkeigaku · Clinical study
- Evaluation of pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of [211At] meta-astatobenzylguanidine ([211At] MABG) in patients with pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma (PPGL): A study protocol.2024 · PLoS One · Clinical study
- 3-[18F]Fluoro-para-hydroxyphenethylguanidine (3-[18F]pHPG) PET-A Novel Imaging Modality for Paraganglioma.2024 · J Endocr Soc · Clinical study
- Increasing Catecholamine Secretion Through NPY in Pheochromocytomas With False-Negative 123 I-MIBG Scintigraphy.2024 · Clin Nucl Med · Clinical study
- Clinical characteristics of patients with Parkinson's disease with reduced 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake in the major salivary glands and heart.2024 · J Neurol Sci · Clinical study
- [Not Available].2024 · Nucl Med Mol Imaging · Clinical study
- Study Protocol for the Pleiotropic Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor on Organ-Specific Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Insulin Sensitivity in Participants with Type 2 Diabetes.2024 · Diabetes Ther · Clinical study
- Nuclear Imaging Data-Driven Classification of Parkinson's Disease.2023 · Mov Disord · Clinical study
- Serial Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Imaging in Mild Cognitive Impairment With Lewy Bodies, Alzheimer Disease, and Age-Matched Controls.2023 · Neurology · Clinical study
- Occipital hypometabolism is a risk factor for conversion to Parkinson's disease in isolated REM sleep behaviour disorder.2023 · Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging · Clinical study
- Lorlatinib with or without chemotherapy in ALK-driven refractory/relapsed neuroblastoma: phase 1 trial results.2023 · Nat Med · Clinical study · Phase I
- False-positive 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy in a patient with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor presenting as a left adrenal incidentaloma.2023 · Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep · Clinical study
- Systemic Metabolic Alteration Dependent on the Thyroid-Liver Axis in Early PD.2023 · Ann Neurol · Clinical study
- Association of plasma α-synuclein with cardiac 123I-MIBG scintigraphy in early Parkinson's disease.2022 · Neurosci Lett · Clinical study
- Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder: Abnormal Cardiac Image and Progressive Abnormal Metabolic Brain Pattern.2022 · Mov Disord · Clinical study
- Aceruloplasminemia: a multimodal imaging study in an Italian family with a novel mutation.2022 · Neurol Sci · Clinical study
- Potential for Increasing Uptake of Radiolabeled 68Ga-DOTATOC and 123I-MIBG in Patients with Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors Using a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Vorinostat.2021 · Cancer Biother Radiopharm · Clinical study
- 123I metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) uptake predicts early relapse of neuroblastoma using semi-quantitative SPECT/CT analysis.2021 · Ann Nucl Med · Clinical study
- Reduced Myocardial Uptake of 123I-MIBG in Congenital Insensitivity to Pain With Anhidrosis.2021 · Clin Nucl Med · Clinical study
- Two Cases of Decreased 123I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine Lung Uptake in Metaiodobenzylguanidine Scintigraphy While Taking Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor/Serotonin Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitor.2021 · Clin Nucl Med · Clinical study
- Elevated 123I-MIBG Activity in Intramuscular Hemangioma.2021 · Clin Nucl Med · Clinical study
- Cardiac 123I-MIBG normal uptake values are population-specific: Results from a cohort of controls over 60 years of age.2021 · J Nucl Cardiol · Clinical study
- Clinical relevance of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the postoperative follow-up of patients with history of medullary thyroid cancer.2020 · Radiol Oncol · Clinical study
- Comparison of 123I-MIBG scintigraphy and phosphorylated α-synuclein skin deposits in synucleinopathies.2020 · Parkinsonism Relat Disord · Clinical study
- Brain-first versus body-first Parkinson's disease: a multimodal imaging case-control study.2020 · Brain · Clinical study
- Misdiagnosis of Paraganglioma by 123I-mIBG Without Stable Iodine Blockade of Thyroidal Radioiodine Uptake.2020 · J Endocr Soc · Clinical study
- Cardiac sympathetic denervation in wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis.2020 · Amyloid · Clinical study
- Noradrenergic uptake in the liver on 123 I-mIBG imaging: Influence of heart failure and diabetes.2020 · J Gastroenterol Hepatol · Clinical study
- Differences in correlations of depression and anhedonia with cardiovascular sympathetic functions during a head-up tilt test in drug-naïve Parkinson's disease patients.2020 · Neurol Sci · Clinical study
- Relationship between the washout rate of I-123 MIBG scans and autonomic function in Parkinson's disease.2020 · PLoS One · Clinical study
- Isolated left adrenal medullary hyperplasia.2020 · J Cardiol Cases · Clinical study
- [123I]Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) Cardiac Scintigraphy and Automated Classification Techniques in Parkinsonian Disorders.2020 · Mol Imaging Biol · Clinical study
- Assessment of right ventricular sympathetic dysfunction in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: An 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine SPECT/CT study.2020 · J Nucl Cardiol · Clinical study
- Imaging cardiac innervation in hereditary transthyretin (ATTRm) amyloidosis: A marker for neuropathy or cardiomyopathy in case of heart failure?2020 · J Nucl Cardiol · Clinical study
- Analysis of quantitative [I-123] mIBG SPECT/CT in a phantom and in patients with neuroblastoma.2019 · EJNMMI Phys · Clinical study
- Impact of short-acting loop diuretic doses and cardiac sympathetic nerve abnormalities on outcomes of patients with reduced left ventricular function.2019 · Medicine (Baltimore) · Clinical study
- Clinical characteristics of elderly depressive patients with low metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake.2019 · Psychogeriatrics · Clinical study
- Striatal dopamine activity and myocardial 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake in early Parkinson's disease.2019 · Parkinsonism Relat Disord · Clinical study
- Focal 123I-MIBG Uptake in the Medial Segment of the Normal Liver.2019 · Clin Nucl Med · Clinical study
- Diffuse 123I-MIBG renal uptake in a patient with severe renal artery stenosis: A consequence of adrenergic activation.2019 · Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol (Engl Ed) · Clinical study
- Non-Val30Met mutation, septal hypertrophy, and cardiac denervation in patients with mutant transthyretin amyloidosis.2019 · ESC Heart Fail · Clinical study
- Cerebrospinal fluid 5-HIAA concentrations correlate with cardiac uptake of 123I-MIBG during myocardial scintigraphy in drug naïve Parkinson's disease.2018 · J Neural Transm (Vienna) · Clinical study
- [Decreased Uptake of Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) Myocardial Scintigraphy in a 64-year-old Female, Who Was Diagnosed as a Progressive Supranuclear Palsy].2018 · Brain Nerve · Clinical study
- Functional brown adipose tissue and sympathetic activity after cold exposure in humans with type 1 narcolepsy.2018 · Sleep · Clinical study
- Unusual Long Survival with a Giant Invasive Pheochromocytoma of an Incompatible Patient.2018 · Cureus · Clinical study
- Ageing effect on 18F-DOPA and 123I-MIBG uptake: a cross-sectional study.2018 · Nucl Med Commun · Clinical study
- Early diagnosis of Lewy body disease in patients with late-onset psychiatric disorders using clinical history of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and [123 I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine cardiac scintigraphy.2018 · Psychiatry Clin Neurosci · Clinical study
- Is 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine heart-to-mediastinum ratio dependent on age? From Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine normal database.2018 · Ann Nucl Med · Clinical study
- Impairment of Iodine-123-Metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) Uptake in Patients with Pulmonary Artery Hypertension.2018 · Int Heart J · Clinical study
- Does cardiac metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) uptake in Parkinson's disease correlate with major autonomic symptoms?2006 · Parkinsonism Relat Disord · Clinical study
- Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) uptake in Parkinson's disease also decreases at thyroid.2005 · Ann Nucl Med · Clinical study
- [Evaluation of long-term prognosis in patients with heart failure: is cardiac imaging with iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine useful?].1998 · J Cardiol · Clinical study
- Cervical Vertebral Metastasis Mimicking Thyroid Uptake on Planar 123 I-MIBG Images.2026 · Clin Nucl Med · Case report
- [A Case of Asymptomatic Paraganglioma of the Bladder].2026 · Hinyokika Kiyo · Case report
- A case of adrenal endothelial cyst (vascular type) with positive 123I-MIBG uptake.2026 · Urol Case Rep · Case report
- Normotensive functional para-aortic paraganglioma: A rare case report with surgical and histopathological correlation.2025 · Int J Surg Case Rep · Case report
- Idiopathic polyneuropathy with neurogenic autonomic failure - an early manifestation of Lewy body disease? a case report.2025 · BMC Neurol · Case report
- Giant Pheochromocytoma With Non-classical Symptoms: A Case Report to Expand Clinical Awareness.2025 · Cureus · Case report
- Sars-Cov-2 Infection as Catecholamin Crisis in Pheocreomocitoma: A Case Report.2025 · Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets · Case report
- Molecular Imaging in CANVAS: A Contribution for Differential Diagnosis?2024 · Mov Disord Clin Pract · Case report
- A Rare Case of Abnormal Diffuse Brain Uptake on an 123I MIBG Scan in a Patient With High-Risk Neuroblastoma.2024 · Clin Nucl Med · Case report
- Pheochromocytoma With High Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Production Capacity Without Pigmentation and Cushingoid Symptoms: A Case Report With a Literature Review.2024 · Cureus · Case report
- Effectiveness of 18F-FDG PET/CT in finding lung metastasis from a retroperitoneal paraganglioma.2024 · Asia Ocean J Nucl Med Biol · Case report
- Pitfalls in the diagnosis and treatment of a hypertensive patient with unilateral primary aldosteronism and contralateral pheochromocytoma: a case report.2023 · BMC Endocr Disord · Case report
- Dopamine-Secreting Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma.2021 · J Endocr Soc · Case report
- Expression of unfolded protein response markers in the pheochromocytoma with Waardenburg syndrome: a case report.2020 · BMC Endocr Disord · Case report
- Anti-Cholinergic Derangement of Cortical Metabolism on 18F-FDG PET in a Patient with Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Dementia: A Case of the TREDEM Registry.2020 · J Alzheimers Dis · Case report
- Multifocal Urinary Bladder Paragangliomas With Negative 68Ga-DOTATATE Uptake and Positive 123I-MIBG Uptake.2020 · Clin Nucl Med · Case report
- Metastatic pheochromocytoma to the pancreas diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration: A case report and review of literature.2020 · Diagn Cytopathol · Case report
- [PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA CRISIS WITH MIBG SCINTIGRAPHY NEGATIVE: A CASE REPORT].2019 · Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi · Case report
- A Unique Case of Metastatic, Functional, Hereditary Paraganglioma Associated With an SDHC Germline Mutation.2018 · J Clin Endocrinol Metab · Case report
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Get in touchQuality control Preliminary - inferred from compound class
- Ph. Eur. monograph
- not verified No Ph. Eur. check is recorded for this entry.
- USP monograph
- not verified No USP check is recorded for this entry.
How this set was arrived at. base set per Ph. Eur. general monograph 0125 (rule); receptor ligand with a saturable target -> molar activity (rule); organic-phase radiosynthesis assumed from isotope/compound class, no synthesis data confirming it -> GC residual solvents (preliminary)
Tests listed by reference only. Monograph texts are copyrighted and are not reproduced here. How these are derived
Setting up quality control?We can help you scope the equipment needed to release [123I]MIBG.
Get in touchNotes
Added from reverse module search (stage 6); 3 article(s) with I-123. Also seen with I-131[1] (too few articles for own row). | Stage 28: added indication(s) car-sympathetic from consolidated missing-rubric review.